Tuesday, November 24, 2009
Sistemul de transcriere al limbii chineze
Romanizare este procesul de transcriere a unei limbi în alfabetul latin. Există multe sisteme de romanizare pentru limbile chineză din cauza lipsei de o transcriere nativă fonetică până în timpurile moderne. Chineza pentru prima dată a fost scrisă în caractere latine de misionarii creştini din Europa în secolul al 16-lea.
Astăzi, cele mai frecvente standarde de romanizare pentru limba mandarină este Hanyu Pinyin (汉语拼音 / 汉语拼音), cunoscută de multe ori pur şi simplu ca pinyin, introdusă în 1956 de către Guvernul Republicii Populare Chineze, şi ulterior adoptată de Singapore şi Taiwan. Pinyin este aproape universal folosit acum pentru predarea limbii vorbite chineze în şcoli şi universităţi din America, Australia şi Europa. Părinţi chinezi, de asemenea, utilizează Pinyin pentru a preda copiilor lor, sunete şi tonuri de predare cuvinte noi. Romanizarea Pinyin este, de obicei scrisă sub fiecare caracter chinez.
A doua cel mai frecvent sistem de romanizare, Wade-Giles, a fost inventat de Thomas Wade în 1859 şi modificată de Herbert Giles în 1892. Deoarece acest sistem aproximează fonologic cu consoanele şi vocalele engleze , adică este vorba de o Anglicization, ar putea fi deosebit de utilă pentru incepatorii vorbitori chinezicare provin din ţări anglofone. Wade-Giles a fost utilizată în structurile academice în Statele Unite, în special înainte de anii 1980, şi până de curând a fost utilizată pe scară largă în Taiwan.
Atunci când este folosit în cadrul textelor europene, transcrierile tonul în ambele pinyin şi Wade-Giles sunt adesea lăsat deoparte pentru simplitate; Wade-Giles utilizează apostrofuri. Astfel, cele mai multe cititoare de Vest va fi cu mult mai familiarizaţi cu Beijing decît cu Běijīng (Pinyin), precum şi cu Taipei mai mult de T'ai²-pei³ (Wade-Giles).
Iată câteva exemple de Hanyu Pinyin şi Wade-Giles, pentru comparaţie:
Wade-Giles Hanyu Pinyin
中国/中國 Chung1-kuo² Zhōngguó "China"
北京 Pei³-ching1 Běijīng Capitala Republicii Populare Chineze
台北 T'ai²-pei³ Táiběi Capitala of the Republici China
毛泽东/毛澤東 Mao² Tse²-tung1 Máo Zédōng Liderul Partidului Comunist Chinez
蒋介石/蔣介石 Chiang³ Chieh4-shih² Jiǎng Jièshí Liderul naţionalist cuniscut ca Chiang Kai-shek, cu pronunţie cantoneză)
孔子 K'ung³ Tsu³ Kǒng Zǐ "Confuciu"
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http://www.pingasianimports.com/Chinesepinyin/
http://www.mandarintools.com/chardict.html
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http://www.waiyu.org/
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http://www.xuexizhongwen.de/linksammlung.htm
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http://www.newsinchinese.com/
http://www.chinesedic.com/
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http://www.all-day-breakfast.com/chinese/big5-simple.html
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http://orientaler.com/china/xiazai/index.php
http://www.mandarintools.com/
http://www.knowledgehound.com/topics/chinese.htm
http://www.zhongwen.com/
http://www.englishlanguage.ru/e1.shtml
http://www.minmm.com/minc/classes.php
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http://chinese-russian.com/phoneme/
http://chinese-russian.com/dict/radical1.html
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http://hanbalik.narod.ru/chinese_calligrahy/characters/characters_main.htm
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